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The first attempt to allow use of content and basic functionality of the website and supply an advanced form of exactly the same site to browsers with better or more complete Web Standards support is known as Progressive Enhancement that was introduced in 2003. The corresponding approach is often referred to as graceful degradation. By applying guidelines such as developing a correct document structure in the markup, web-site designers can contribute not just to Progressive Enhancement, but additionally Web Accessibility and overall code quality.
To provide the greatest level of interoperability and usability, websites ought to be created by applying techniques that support an ideal user experience through device-, browser-, and/or feature-detection, therefore the website will be easy to navigate and read regardless of the device employed for browsing (smartphone, tablet PC, desktop computer, etc.). The textual content from the website won't be tiny on the phone, and also the large pictures is going to be automatically resized with respect to the display size and resolution.
Until recently, a sizable share of websites has been made with fixed width layout (typically between 760px and 960px) that might provide precise pixel-by-pixel representation, but cannot use the full surface of today's large monitors. It also has serious usability issues around the increasingly popular mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet PCs that include a comparatively small screen size and resolution. Even on standard resolutions, the consumer would use a resized (not maximized) browser window. The endless variety of screen resolutions causes it to be practically infeasible to support all resolutions having a design that's optimized for a certain resolution.
In well-developed countries such as Australia, smartphone me is over 50% now which represents extraordinary growth in mobile technology. By 2014, more Australians will access digital services using a smartphone than a computer.
Among the approaches to address the problems of barely readable texts, inconsistent layout, and inconvenient scrollability is Responsive Web Design (RWD), which applies a flexible grid layout that is scalable (also known as liquid layout or fluid layout). Responsive Web Design has got the aim to achieve optimal consumer experience when it comes to convenient reading and easy navigation, and "respond" to device features. With respect to the characteristics of the device getting used, different layouts are used, together with automatically scaling website elements, including text and pictures. Since some website elements for example Flash headers containing raster graphics and videos cannot be fully optimized for automatic scaling, the applicability of Responsive Website design depends on the website. If the reliable fixed-width layout can be used for whatever reasons, support for mobile devices can nonetheless be provided by creating additional, device-dependent style sheets.
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Another approach, elastic layout applies fully scalable elements declared in scalable units in the style sheets, the most advanced yet seldom applied website design layouts.
Although RWD can be beneficial to mobile users, responsive websites are not necessarily accessible, and vica versa. However, the proper utilization of standards leads to websites that are accessible and responsive simultaneously.
